Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn) belonging to the Asteraceae family and known for its valuable secondary metabolite, silymarin. In order to get the CELL suspension CULTURE of Silybum marianum, the combination of 2,4-D and BAP hormones each with five different concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 2 and 5 mg/L) and 3 different seedling explants (cotyledon, hypocotyl and root) was used to callus formation. High-quality callus was observed in eight different of hormone-explant combinations. Successful CELL suspension CULTURE was achieved only by using callus created from cotyledon explants treated with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D and 5 mg/L BAP. Furthermore, the study examined the effects of 2% and 4% Serendipita indica CELL wall extract as an elicitor on silymarin production in CELL suspension CULTURE at three different inoculation times (24, 48, and 72 h). After 48 h of inoculation with 2% fungal extract, the highest level of silymarin (199 ppm) was observed, which was significantly different from the control (46 ppm). The silymarin content of CELLs increased over time through elicitation with 4% fungal elicitor, while no similar pattern was observed with 2% fungal extract. Based on the results, the CELL wall of S. indica can significantly enhance the amount of SLM in the CELL suspension CULTURE of S. marianum.

The polite listener In England stares at the speaker attentively and blinks his eyes occasionally as a sign of interest. That eye-blink says nothing to Americans, who expect the listener to nod or to murmur something such as "mm - hmm”. And in some parts of  Far East, it is impolite to look at the other person at all during conversation.It is often argued that, in teaching foreign languages, CULTURE and language are interwoven in a way that it is not possible to present language without its CULTURE. However, until a new method of teaching language, called communicative approach, which is sociolinguistically oriented, had not come into existence, this belief was not used to be observed in textbooks and language classes. This method intends to create situations in the classroom in which foreign language can be used as naturally and authentically as the native speakers of target language use it for communicative purposes.The problem of teaching CULTURE, nevertheless, does not end here. Nowadays, foreign languages are taught with different and varied objectives. Is it necessary for all foreign language learners to get familiar with the CULTURE of foreign language they are supposed to learn? As Schumann (1984) claims, is it true that second language learning is impossible, unless one gives up his/her own native CULTURE and adopts the CULTURE of foreign language community? What are some relevant issues regarding teaching English in Iran? These are actually some basic questions raised in this article. Whereas definite answers are not necessarily provided in this paper, some areas of research related to CULTURE, and teaching foreign language are put forward.

Education is a continually developing activity, it shapes the way an individual develops their attitudes, thoughts and behavior. Education is not just about being literate but it is an overall development of the person in every aspect of their lives. A society's educational system can be greatly linked to its CULTURE as the CULTURE that one is in have an affect on the type of curriculum the institutions will develop in order to cater to every individual of that particular CULTURE. Education moulds and shapes a society and it is influenced by the CULTURE of the particular country or society. The educational system acts as a point of reference for the society's needs and demands. The principles that dominate this article is CULTURE and education are interrelated and interconnected. Every educational paradigm is influenced by the CULTURE of the society in which it operates. This essay underlines the extensive connection between CULTURE and education. As a result, the goal of this essay is to depict these features from a Philosophical-Psychological Approach.

Background: Generally, sewage exposed water could be potentially contaminated with enteroviruses. For this reason, enterovirus isolation from sewage specimens is one of the most sensitive indicators for virus circulation in the population. We evaluated the ICC-RT-PCR and CELL CULTURE methods for detection of enteroviruses in Tehran sewage system. Methods: This research utilized 63 specimens provided through Grab sample method to concentrate by two-phase method and CULTUREd in RD and HEp-2 CELLs, respectively. All specimens then were inoculated using sensitive CELL CULTUREs of RD and HEp-2. After 24 hours incubation at 36°C by means of Pan E.V primers and afterwards Pan P.V Primers along with specific sabin primers, RT-PCR was carried out on the CELL CULTURE specimens. Data were analyzed using SPSS Software (SPSS for and ANOVA test as well as Chi-square test. Results: Out of 63 collected specimens, enteroviruses were isolated from 33 specimens (52.38%) and 41(65.01%) specimens which utilized CELL-CULTURE & ICC-RT-PCR methods respectively. Polioviruses were also isolated from 6 specimens. Conclusions: Statistical analysis indicated that there was a significant relationship (0.05 level) between CELL CULTURE and ICC-RTPCR methods to isolate enteroviruses. Further the sensitivity of ICC-RT-PCR method to detect enteroviruses less than 0.01 TCID50 was evaluated, which indicated that this method is acceptable and sensitive enough to detect enteroviruses in sewage.

Iranian youth’s leisure CULTURE has been immediately affected by the digital media CULTURE. As a communicative media, CELL phone has crossed borders of youth norms and identity; and in addition to facilitating their communication, has changed its patterns. Applying Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus and field, and relied on the qualitative and quantitative data gathered from the mobile youth users, the present study argues that mobile has produced a new field in which youth’s opportunities for leisure, entertainment, communication, and independence have extended. In addition, CELL phone has facilitated and compensated for some defects in public sphere, and therefore empowered youth agency, individuality, and power. Despite this strengthening, CELL phone does not cross borders of gender and class differences, or the levels of social capital.

Schwann CELLs support neuronal function in the intact nerve by supplying the myelin sheath around axons. Schwann CELLs are likely to regulate the ionic environment of axons, provide neurotrophic support and regulate the periaxonal space. Schwann CELLs CULTURE facilitates analysis of both normal schwann CELL function and associated diseases, while, it is the primmy effect is on schwann CELL function. Dsewes in this category include neurofibromatosis, associated with loss of schwann CELL growth control, and so on. In vivo, schwann CELLs survive in axonal degeneration following a cut or crush injury. Schwann CELLs can be CULTUREd from any peripheral nerve. Schwann CELLs were isolated from sciatic nerves of day 14 (E14)chick embryo and postnatal rat (1-2 days after birth) sciatic nerves and donal root ganglia (DRG) of day 8 (E8) chick embryo.This technique differs from otheres who described the use of whole ganglion or sciatic nerve rather than dissociated preparation. The sciatic nerves were chopped into pieces of 3 mm lenghth and transferred into a 35 mm Petri dish immersed in DMEM medium. The CULTUREs were not over grown by fib rob lasts. After 48 hr incubation the primary CULTUREs were transferred into another dish containing fresh medium After further 48 hr incubation the step was repeated again. Sciatic nerves were trans fered in to gel collagen covered plates containing DMEM and 10% FCS. After four to five weeks in cubation greatly enriched schwann CELL CULTUREs were achieved.

Objective: Articular cartilage as an avascular skeletal tissue possesses limited capacity to heal. On the other hand, it is believed that the regeneration capacity of each tissue is largely related to its stem CELL contents. Little is known about the presence of mesenchymal stem CELLs in articular cartilage tissue. This subject is investigated in the present study. Materials and Methods: Articular cartilage was obtained from rats of Wistar strain and subjected to enzymatic digestion using 1:1 ratio of 0.2% collagenase I and 0.1% pronase. The released CELLs were then collected and cultivated in 25 cm2 CULTURE flask, which was resulted in the appearance of two morphologically distinct CELL populations. Fibroblastic population were purified and expanded through several subCULTUREs, using their loose adherence on CULTURE surfaces and examined in terms of differentiation potential. Results: The primary CULTURE mainly contained polygonal CELLs with few fibroblastic CELLs among them. Upon the first subCULTURE, the fibroblastic CELLs appeared as aggregates of few CELLs among the polygonal cartilage CELLs. It was found that the fibroblastic CELL population could easily detach from the CULTURE surface following to a brief exposure to tripsin solution. Using this property, these CELLs purified and expanded by several subCULTUREs. According to the results, the isolated CELLs were able to easily differentiate into chondrocytic, osteocytic and adipocytic CELL lineages. Conclusion: It seems that articular cartilage contains a distinct fibroblastic CELL population with mesenchymal stem CELL nature. These CELLs can be purified and expanded by CELL CULTURE methods, thanks to their loose adherence on the CULTURE dish surfaces.

Zinc has an important role in skin health and its deficiency reduces immunity to evaluate levels of zinc in squamous CELL carcinoma (SCC) and basal CELL carcinoma (BCC) of skin, we studied 44 BCC and 38 SCC cases together with 33 controls. Blood samples were taken and after separation of serum, levels of zinc, albumin and total protein were measured by atomic absorption albumin kit and reflectometer consecutively. Serum globulin levels were estimated by subtracting albumin from total protein levels. Zinc levels were significantly lower in cancer cases than control (P<0.001). Mean serum albumin of BCC cases was significantly more than controls (P<0.01), but in BCC cases was not significantly different. Significant correlations were seen between levels of serum zinc and albumin of SCC (r=0.507, P<0.01) and BCC(r=0.43, P<0.01) patients and controls(r=0.35,P<0.01). Mean globulin levels in cancer cases were significantly lower than control group (P<0.01).We concluded that serum zinc and globulin levels decrease in BCC and SCC of skin.